Article 282. Inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity

Well, you get it...
Article 282

(pos.
“Russian article”
) - a type of anal punishment using the fencing method. Not to be confused with Article 228.

But this is in theory. In practice, one can be brought under it not only for incitement against national and religious groups, but also social ones. The punitive apparatus is successfully developing practice on this topic. All this clearly shows that in this country everything is going on as usual. The paradox is that the article was pushed through not by the KGB or the USSR, but by human rights activists, who, in theory, should advocate for the expansion of personal freedoms, whatever they may be, and not the other way around.

[edit] The point is this

Short

What is prohibited by law. In Russia, one cannot publicly call for a violent overthrow of the government, change the constitutional system, or propose secession from Russia. You can't forcefully stop people from voting.

You can’t say that you should hate some people because they believe in something, do something, or were born somewhere. You cannot suggest doing something bad to these people.

You cannot display Nazi symbols.

Religious symbols, shrines and images should not be publicly mocked. You cannot do anything in public that could potentially offend someone's religious feelings.

It is important. Really study this list for 15 minutes to see what people can be held accountable for in Russia.

Are victims needed? No, statements from specific people are not needed. They can become witnesses or witnesses. Responsibility arises for the very fact of publication, and not for the fact that someone in particular was offended, someone was harmed, or someone took action and did what was written. A publication includes a comment, a repost, and a saved photo if it is visible to other people from the Internet. They can also be prosecuted for participation in an extremist community, even if it did not manage to do anything, but only discussed plans. And this is not the same as an extremist organization that is banned in Russia.

Who decides? It depends on the type of violation. If we are talking about a criminal article, the investigation and the court will sort it out. In controversial situations, much depends on the expert opinion. The examination must be carried out according to the rules, but such rules do not exist for all types of examinations. An expert may be biased, and his conclusions, even in one examination, may be contradictory. If the examination was carried out with violations, it can be appealed, but it is difficult to find and prove violations: to do this, you yourself need to distinguish between the terms “hatred” and “enmity,” know what “presupposition” and “lexeme” are, and understand religious paraphernalia.

What to do to avoid being included in the article:

What to do if this affects you:

Why is this happening? Formally, because the state must ensure equality of all nations, races and religions, and law enforcement officers must fight crime. According to the law, reposting a picture about the superiority of races or ridiculing sacred objects can be a crime. And there are different assumptions about the informal side, which you already know about.

[edit] History

Actually, the article was adopted in 2002 and was updated many, many times. As Toraditsiyo reports, the source was the hellish rant of the Deputy Prosecutor General of ZOG M. B. Katyshev dated June 29, 1999 No. 27-19-99 entitled “METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS On the use of special knowledge on cases and materials on inciting national, racial or religious hatred "

Various versions have been put forward as motives for the adoption of such a disgusting normative sexual act, namely from conspiracy theories to banal political ambitions of you-know-who for this country’s accession to the WTO. However, this does not change the essence of the matter.

Since then, he has been the object of hatred among the religious people, but the hatred is somewhat strange - as part of the fight against Article 282, they are constantly trying to imprison some YERZh for it. How this will help in canceling this article is not clear.

In July 2008, the Volgodonsk City Court of the Rostov Region gave a one-year suspended sentence to 282 twenty-year-old member of the local branch of DPNI Anton Shurubara for sending 437 SMS with the text “Death to Russian pigs and to you, scum.” This did not help the cancellation of the article.

Where to contact?

In order to bring to justice a person who is actively promoting hatred of other nations, classes, religions and social groups, it is first necessary to collect evidence.

The following may serve as evidence:

• audio files;
• video files;
• witness statements;
• copies of books/leaflets/brochures containing nationalist information;
• printed pages from social networks indicating the exact address of the web page where the information was posted.

Sources

• https://ugolovnyi-expert.com/razzhiganie-mezhnacionalnoj-rozni-statya-282-uk-rf/
• https://ugolovnyi-expert.com/ekstremizm-statya-282-uk-rf/
• https://izich.info/uk/statya-282
• https://ugolovnoe-pravo.com/prestupleniya/statya-282-uk-rf-razzhiganie-nenavisti-i-estrimizm
• https://dogovor-urist.ru/%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B/%D1%83%D0%BA_%D1% 80%D1%84/%D1%81%D1%82_282/
• https://www.zakonrf.info/uk/282/

[collapse]

[edit] Parse object

Cooler than 228. Passans are guaranteed by
Article 282. Inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity

The whole point here is that under the definition of a “social group”, if you wish, you can stretch anything at all. From the group “deputies” or “infidel cops”, up to “a social group of residents of a communal apartment at the address...”. It all depends on how much the expert was paid for analyzing your nonsense.

From 2022, criminal liability under Article 282 occurs only if a person has been brought to administrative charges

responsibility for inciting ethnic hatred
over the past year
. The article has been softened, and if you, anon, accidentally say a careless word against black people or the Tsar himself, then the first time you will get off with only a fine, and a repeated insult may send you to the bunk.

Responsibility for a crime in other countries

In Germany, France, the Netherlands, India, Israel, Ireland and a number of other countries, the punishment for inciting ethnic hatred is no less severe - up to 5 years in prison, and it does not matter whether the perpetrator had intent or whether his words entailed any negative consequences. In Ireland, a threatening or offensive word is enough to cause you to lose your freedom. In Israel, you can go to prison not only for uttering a racist expression, but also for possessing various publications that contain a hint of ethnic hatred. It is worth noting that in some countries (France) the fact of the genocide of Jews by the Nazis is recognized at the legislative level, and anyone who does not recognize it commits a crime.

[edit] In practice

Another case.
Only clinical idiots can be legally prosecuted under this article, since with a normal lawyer, any prosecutorial charge falls apart before our eyes - about any of your speeches, except for the most extreme cases, anon, we can say that they were allegorical or allegorical in nature, and if You’re not an idiot, and you didn’t write a note of appreciation with substantive wording; you can’t prove anything.

And even if you cleaned up the janitor’s face, then if you didn’t sincerely admit that you beat him specifically for his foreign face, you will only be charged with beatings, or something else, but not in any way with a “national context.”

In general, the problem is not in the law itself, but in how it is applied, because it should work in both directions.

At the same time, the one against whom the relevant authorities are incensed - even for an incendiary comment on Tyrnet - will face very interesting problems in unexpected places: all bank accounts and deposits will SUDDENLY be blocked, and the cashiers at Sberbank will shy away in horror just after seeing the poor fellow’s passport. For it is enough to become a suspect in a case under Art. 282, how will you instantly find yourself on the same list with the most frostbitten terrorists from all over the world (lurk 115-FZ of 08/07/2001).

Qualifying Circumstances

The paragraphs of the code describe different elements of the act: simple and qualified. The latter increase guilt, and therefore punishment. Thus, the punishment for “simple” extremism is contained in Art. 282 (clause 1) of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Essentially, it is the wrongdoing of one person directed against certain people or an unspecified group. It is important that it is based on hatred spilled into society.

Art. 282 (part 2) of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation describes qualified personnel. It is recognized as such if the act is committed:

• organized group;
• with violence or the threat of violence;
• official during the performance of duties.

Each of the circumstances requires additional clarification. The duty of the court is to identify all the circumstances of the case. Punishment can be imposed only when there is no shadow of doubt about the nature of the crime. Therefore, the qualifying circumstances need to be explained in detail.

So, to the organized group in Art. 282 Part 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation includes several people who have long-term and stable connections. They are united by common criminal intentions. The existence of a gang is proven by identifying previous joint participation in crimes. An organized group is a group of people who have united to carry out several atrocities. Moreover, they can join forces not only in terms of inciting ethnic hatred. Previous atrocities may be of a different criminal nature.

Officials are found guilty on a qualified basis if they violated the law using the privileges granted by the position. For example, an official makes a publication of an extremist nature for government money. Such an act is recognized as qualified. In addition, the following are at risk:

• editors;
• journalists;
• presenters of television and radio programs and other persons.

Please note: descriptions of ethnic slurs given in scientific debates are not subject to criminal sanctions.

[edit] Those who went

• Aratov is a respectable publisher, a true pagan and anti-It.
• Yuri Mukhin is a writer, the author of more than thousands of books about the corrupting influence of the Jewish lobby on the structure of power in this country.
• Konstantin Dushenov is a bruised, unconquered fighter for the Orthodox Faith, Morality and Spirituality™.
• Vladimir Kvachkov, a victim of Chubais’s cunning plan, allegedly wanted to cut out Ryzhiy. On December 23, 2010 they tied him up again. He is making cunning plans to seize power in Raska by cutting out the local branch of ZOG. Monarcho-Stalinist. Officially imprisoned on charges of organizing an armed rebellion in Russia (with crossbows, yeah) and terrorism.
• Ivan Mironov is an accomplice of the above-mentioned. Acquitted by the court. Based on the results of the walk, I wrote a memoir.
• Savva Terentyev is a fighter against “werewolves in uniform” and simply a genius from Syktyvkar.
• Boris Stomakhin is a terry YERZH. He dreams of covering all of Russia with blood. I would start with myself.
• Yuri Petukhov is the only one from the party who delivered (if only because it was on his work that Yarovrat based his crazy ideas). Nowadays RIP.
• Nibaal - due to the lack of trains on the 205th, she followed the locomotive on the 282nd.
• Tesak - sent to 3.5 years of general regime by Navalny for inciting hatred against the social group “liberals” at the debate in “Bilingva” on February 28, 2007. In mid-2014, he was imprisoned again for 5 years, however, later the term was reduced to 2.8 - for “extremist” video reviews of the films “Okolofootball” and “Stalingrad”.
• Konstantin Krylov, who called people from the Caucasus “monkeys” and called for “an end to the strange economic model.”
• Varrax is the former grandfather of Russian Sotonism, who retrained himself as a very virulent National Socialist and Sovkophile at the same time. I went to correctional labor for one of the “inciting” articles from my website. After this, the site was thoroughly cleaned of anything that could lead to a relapse.
• Spider, for example.
• Alexander Dodonov is a Chita resident who participated in the “Occupy Pedophile” flash mobs of the notorious Tesak. However, this is not where he got burned. In 2015, I decided to fly to Ukraine in order to fight in the scarecrow of all Russian media - “DUK Right Sector”, for which I signed up with them. However, it didn’t work out, and the cops came to visit. The result is 1.5 years in a penal colony. ICHSH, from a logical point of view, he didn’t go anywhere and didn’t take up arms. However, they imprisoned me.

Safety precautions

Can. I don't like such and such a person because he did this to me.

Can. I don't want to deal with such and such a person because...

Can. Such and such people at such and such a time did such and such, here is the source.

It is forbidden. An article that visitors from other countries commit crimes and they all need to be punished without trial.

Can. Crime statistics and analysis of sentences against citizens of other states.

Can. Commentary with criticism of the authorities, confirmed facts about violations, a negative assessment of the work of specific people and suggestions on how to improve it.

It is forbidden. An article in which a saint from any religion is called a murderer, tyrant or punisher.

Can. An article about the negative impact of some religion on raising children with facts from the life of a particular family.

It is forbidden. An image in which a religious symbol, saint, or religiously revered person finds himself in a situation that is offensive to the believer.

Can. Photo from the crime scene committed by the clergyman.

It is forbidden. An image of Nazi symbols on an avatar on social networks.

Can. (no options)

[edit] For whom he cries

• Deacon Andrey Kuraev - nuff said.
• Petrov and his team are the authors of KOB and other non-kosher things. (spoiler:
  You can’t wait, the court has already acquitted them.
  )
• Nosik - in response to his article “Erase Syria from the face of the earth,” the Russian prosecutor’s office was seriously fired up with the idea of ​​​​revenging the insult to the feelings of the fraternal Syrian people and approximately punishing the fat Jewish troll, who imagines himself smarter and more cunning than everyone else. In the end, Nose got off with a slight fright and a fine of 300k wooden ones. But he did not despair, but planned his terrible revenge in the form of a complaint to the ECHR and a petition on the ROI website to repeal Article 282 itself. But Nosik himself did not live to see the end of this story - on July 9, 2022, he went to heaven.
• Lena Hadiz.
• Novodvorskaya - she is now being tried in another place.
• Enteo.
• Kinchev (from his texts: “They make us understand that we are dust and tops, And for those who have not caught up, those - 282”).
• Milonov.
• Sterligov.
• And finally, it’s you, Anonymous, when you read this article on Our Utynenky(tm). You can see a thick hint of these subtle circumstances here.
• And even Dmitry Medvedev can be considered an extremist.

Why control and prohibit something?

In Russia and other countries there are laws that prohibit the dissemination of extremist messages, inciting hostility and hatred, and offending the feelings of believers. The purpose of these laws is to prevent people of different religions, nationalities or social groups from starting to quarrel, and one social group not to decide that it is superior to another and is allowed more.

A person may personally dislike a certain category of people, but the state directly prohibits him from publicly inciting hatred towards them or offending their religious feelings. You can demand that specific people be held accountable under the law and criticize them for specific actions and beliefs, but you cannot propose to inflict reprisals on a group of people because of their race.

This is what kind of activity is considered extremism in Russia. Some points seem clear and obvious, while others may surprise you, read them all:

[edit] Interesting facts

The police are inciting

• Incredible, but true - Adolf Aloizych has still not been accused of incitement by any court in the Russian Federation. It seems logical: the law does not apply to the dead. But it completely extended to Leo Tolstoy. It’s just that Gitlar didn’t manage to do anything bad specifically to the Russian Orthodox Church (the damned Stalin was the first to reach the churches).
• A forensic examination found that the slogans “Russia for Russians!” and “Kill the Khach!” are not nationalistic. This is because the first one does not exclude Russia for non-Russians. The second does not convey a clear understanding of who exactly to kill; By the word “khach” everyone understands something different.
• But the same examination recognized the slogan “Down with autocracy!” in officially democratic Russia it is quite extremist.
• “They speak Russian here” - now this is extremism. We all stop speaking Russian together.
• In this country, it is possible to incite hatred towards the social group “deputies of the State Duma, except for the Communist Party faction.”
• There is a direct reference in Pelevin’s book “Pineapple Water for a Beautiful Lady”: ... he was sometimes intemperate with his tongue and as a result received a suspended sentence for inciting hostility and hatred towards the social group “fucking fagots”. What can you do if domestic philologists reveal themselves most fully as criminal experts.
• In Kharkov there is a “Russian Taxi” service, the telephone number of which is 7-282-282. The combination of number and name delivers like hell. In Cherepovets there is also a “Russian taxi”, and the funniest thing is “Euro-taxi”, where ONLY LKN ride on domestic buckets.
• After the match with Poland at Euro 2012, on his Twitter, Russian Prime Minister D. A. Medvedev posted/tweet an ambiguous photo of the head coach of the Russian national football team, Dick Advocaat, with the comment “Everything is still ahead, victory will be ours!” against the background of the number 282.
• In 2005, the migration increase in the population of Russia amounted to exactly 282.1 thousand people. It would seem, what does migrants have to do with it?

The essence of the concept

Interethnic hatred is a manifestation of an intolerant, disrespectful attitude towards a person or group of people, based on national or other class characteristics.

From time immemorial, bloody wars have broken out between people, the causes of which were national, racial, religious and other differences.

That is why all civilized countries have adopted legislative norms regulating relations between people belonging to different nationalities, religions, and classes. This allows us to stop possible manifestations of intolerance between people.

Discord is usually classified in 3 directions, namely:

• Interethnic strife. Involves actions aimed at inciting hatred towards persons of a certain nationality. Attackers thereby try to convince society of the superiority of one nationality over another. Such atrocities are expressed in insulting a person belonging to any nation. For the Russian Federation, this problem is especially relevant, since hundreds of nationalities coexist on its territory.
• Interracial strife. Based on racial differences. Such atrocities are more typical of Western Europe and the United States, where the indigenous population of Africa has been oppressed for several centuries.
• Interreligious strife. Today it is much less common, but in the Middle Ages, people of other faiths were often persecuted and even burned at the stake. In the 21st century, less attention is paid to religion, but the legislation of the Russian Federation tirelessly protects the interests of representatives of all faiths. Religious strife in our time manifests itself mainly in the form of active propaganda.

Such crimes are usually not directed against specific people; often the goal is to undermine and eradicate the existing political system and humiliate the dignity of an entire nation.

It does not matter how this type of crime is committed . In any case, it leads to violence against other people. The motives for a crime can be dictated by personal, national or political overtones.

Is it possible to joke about clergy?

Among the pictures for which Motuznaya is being judged is one with the patriarch and the phrase “Yes, we are oh... so what?” and a scene with communion and the phrase “Did you also dream of becoming a businessman as a child?” The expert considered that even in the context of images, “the phrases are devoid of any meaning.” Conclusions from both pictures: no disrespect for the feelings of believers was detected. Even if the person depicted in the picture is offended and it is unpleasant to look at, this is not yet a criminal offense.

In the same case, Maria Motuznaya had a picture with a group of priests and a quote from a film about “alcoholics, parasites and hooligans.” The expert writes that these words express a negative attitude towards clergy. But further in the conclusion it is written that in the picture there are no objects of generally significant religious worship. That is, priests are not objects of universally valid religious worship. The expert’s conclusion is that there is no insult to the feelings of believers here.

In the same file there was an image of a man similar to Patriarch Kirill with a text about Cahors and harlots. The expert did not identify this image as belonging to the group of people “believers”. He writes that in this picture there are no signs of insulting the feelings of believers. The patriarch can file a lawsuit because of an insult to him personally, but this will be a defense of honor and dignity (administrative), and not an insult to the feelings of believers (criminal). We have not found a single picture depicting the patriarch that a linguistic examination would recognize as offending the feelings of believers, although there are several of them in the case.

There was another picture: a group of priests making a religious procession along a broken road. Text: “Russia’s two main troubles.” The expert decided that this image was an insult to religious feelings. The fact is that this does not ridicule the priests themselves, but the religious ritual. The same situation is with another picture about water.

The answer to the question whether it is possible to joke about clergy is this: depending on how the expert evaluates the joke. But this cannot be predicted in advance. The editors of T⁠—⁠J recommend refraining from public negative and sarcastic statements about any religion. One on one is not a crime. A post, repost, saved photo or comment in a public page is dangerous.

When can they be punished? A public action that had the purpose of expressing obvious disrespect, deliberately violating norms and rules of behavior, opposing oneself to believers, or expressing disdain for them will be considered a crime. The goal is enough, but the result is unimportant. If the examination says that the picture offended religious feelings, that is enough.

Not every picture with some religious shrine or representatives of the church in a comic form offends the feelings of believers. A clear example is in the conclusions of the examination in the case of Maria Motuznaya. In her published expert findings, 13 pictures were analyzed, most of which related to religion. Only three were recognized as offending the feelings of believers, and the rest, although they may seem controversial and even offend someone, were not found to constitute a crime.

Extracts from the examination of the case of Maria Motuznaya on her Twitter

But what about freedom of speech, the right to personal opinion and the opportunity to criticize?

Freedom of speech has nothing to do with it. Any freedom ends where breaking the law begins. You cannot move into any apartment just because everyone has the right to housing. You cannot demand a good position just because the Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees everyone the right to work and pay. You can't steal money if everyone has the right to a decent life. And you cannot seize a government post by force, allegedly because the source of power is the people.

You can write a comment that someone’s conclusions about the results of World War II are controversial, because there are such studies and such facts. But you cannot use symbols of the Third Reich on your page on social networks, justify the actions of those convicted by the tribunal, or speak rudely about memorable dates and veterans. This is prohibited by law. Responsibility for this can begin from the age of 16 or even earlier. Ignorance of the law is not an excuse.

Source

What about insulting the feelings of believers? Why are they in a special position?

Formally, Russia is a secular state. This means that you can believe in anything, be Orthodox, Muslim, Buddhist, Jew, atheist, adhere to any religion. Religion cannot be compulsory, it cannot be punished or persecuted, it cannot be imposed.

But according to the law, insulting the religious feelings of believers is a crime, that is, it is punishable under a criminal article and can even be given a real prison sentence. For hooliganism and insult - administrative liability, and for the same act, but in relation to religious feelings - criminal liability. Feel the difference.

Who are believers? The Criminal Code does not contain a list of specific religions or signs of faith. Therefore, a believer within the framework of this article can be any person who considers himself an adherent of some religion.

Is there a need for a victim? Not necessary. Responsibility arises for the fact of a public action; evidence of someone's suffering is not needed. You can publish offensive material that only you and the investigator will see, this is grounds for accusations. Even if the investigator does not consider himself a victim, he is an atheist and no one else has seen your publication, but theoretically he could.

This article works, it was used a year and two ago, and sentences were passed under it. The recent high-profile cases are not the first; there is no precedent here.

What is considered an insult to the feelings of believers. Insulting the religious feelings of believers is not an insult to the honor and dignity of a specific person, even a representative of the church. There is a separate article for this, it is not criminal.

The Moscow Patriarchate gives its interpretation of the concept of “religious feelings” on the basis of various provisions of the law and generally accepted norms. Religious feelings are a reverent attitude towards shrines, texts, personalities of saints, places of pilgrimage, objects and images. Typically, insults to feelings have the following characteristics: words or pictures convey offensive characteristics, negative emotions, and negative attitudes.

For example, the following may offend religious feelings:

The person who offends does not have to be a follower of another religion or an atheist. It does not matter.

What does the Internet have to do with it?

Extremism is not necessarily an action that harms a person or a state. Even public demonstration, publication, appeal or distribution is also considered extremism. It is the publicity factor that matters here. But the summoning form does not. It can be oral, written, via the Internet or SMS. This could be a comment on a forum, reposting a picture, posting posters, or publishing a video.

If a picture, message, video, or even one phrase contains an extremist appeal that other people could read, this may form the basis of a criminal charge.

Publishing a post in a group for friends is also publicity. Posting a picture on your wall if other people can see it is publicity. And here it doesn’t matter who wrote this post: even if it is the publication of someone else’s material, from the point of view of the law, it is still distribution.

Judicial practice: sentences and punishment under Art. 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

• Decision of the Supreme Court: Determination N 203-APU17-21... THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Case No. 203-APU17-21 APPEAL DECISION Moscow August 31, 2022 Judicial Collegium for Military Personnel of the Supreme...
• Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated... PLENARY OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION DECISION dated December 27, 2002 N 29 ON JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN CASES OF THEFT,...
• Decision of the Supreme Court: Resolution No. 310P13 dated... DECISION OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Case No. 310-P13 Moscow January 23, 2014 Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation...
• Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated... PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION DECISION dated December 5, 2018 N 126-P18 ON RESUMING PROCEEDINGS IN THE CASE DUE TO NEW...
• Ruling of the ECtHR dated 02/14/2017 EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS THIRD SECTION CASE “MASLOVA VS. RUSSIAN FEDERATION” (Complaint No. 15980/12) JUDGMENT…
• Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated... PLENARY OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION DECISION of November 15, 2016 N 48 ON THE PRACTICE OF APPLICATION BY COURTS OF LEGISLATION GOVERNING FEATURES...
• Decision of the Supreme Court: Determination No. 38-АПУ17-2 dated... THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION No. 38-АПУ17-2 APPEAL DECISION Moscow March 1, 2022 Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases of the Supreme Court...
• Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases, appeal:... THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Case No. 72-APU 17-21 APPEAL DECISION Moscow October 04, 2022 Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases...
• Decision of the Supreme Court: Determination No. 72-АПУ17-1 dated... THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Case No. 72-АПУ17-1 APPEAL DECISION Moscow February 2, 2022 Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases...
• Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated... PLENAUM OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION DECISION dated December 17, 2022 N 43 ON SOME ISSUES OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN CASES...