Which countries do not extradite criminals to Russia? List of countries where there is no extradition to Russia

Crime is not only a national but also an international phenomenon. To increase the effectiveness of the fight against it, interaction between law enforcement agencies is carried out at the interstate level. One of the tools for such international interaction is extradition, but there are also countries that do not extradite criminals to Russia. The Russian authorities are constantly holding negotiations, but not all international players are ready to cooperate. All this is discussed in our article.

The concept of extradition

This is a form of international cooperation regarding the apprehension and subsequent transfer of lawbreakers. The procedure is carried out on the basis of international law. States enter into bilateral agreements implying cooperation in this area. Extradition crimes are necessarily enshrined in international acts.

The main document regulating extradition issues is the European Convention on Extradition (12/13/1957). Russia signed the document in 1996. In 1999, the act was ratified and contained a number of reservations that described cases of a ban on the extradition of citizens of the Russian Federation. Among them is Article 61 of the Constitution, which states that Russians cannot be expelled from their country to another state.

Currently, Russia has signed about 65 international agreements on cooperation in the field of extradition. Among them are China, Iraq, Iran, Mongolia, India, Vietnam, Japan.

Types and their classification

Among the numerous international and national laws, one can draw a line and highlight common features that are characteristic of most countries. This leads to the following classification of species:

• subjective;
• regulatory;
• target;
• regulatory

Subjective extradition involves decisions made on the basis of the suspect's nationality and includes the extradition of:

• foreign citizens;
• citizens of the Russian Federation;
• stateless persons;
• persons with dual citizenship.

The regulatory aspect divides the process by the nature of interaction based on:

• international laws;
• national laws;
• mutual cooperation.

The purposes of extradition are expressed in:

• administration of justice;
• imposing punishment;
• serving a sentence.

The regulatory type of extradition involves respect for mutual rights and obligations and is divided into:

• extradition of the offender to the country that initiated the request;
• extradition of a criminal from the country at the request of another state.

Extradition system

In international practice there are two of them:

1. European-continental.
2. Anglo-American.

The first system is used in European countries and Latin America, including its former colonies. The rules for the extradition of criminals here are regulated by concluded agreements between states.

The Anglo-American system for the extradition of offenders involves the consideration of a specific case in court. Extradition is carried out after a positive court decision is made, which is made on the basis of sufficient and irrefutable evidence of the guilt of the person being persecuted.

The Russian Federation is part of the European-continental system. The country is asking for the extradition of lawbreakers based on concluded treaties, following the rules of the European Convention on Extradition. There is a list of countries where there is no extradition to Russia. As a rule, bilateral agreements have not been concluded with these states or there are political issues due to which extradition is impossible.

Countries that do not extradite criminals to the Russian Federation

• are not parties to international conventions on mutual cooperation;
• did not conclude an agreement with Russia on mutual assistance in the fight against international crime;
• do not recognize the violation as a crime;
• are in geopolitical confrontation with Russia.

Countries from which extradition is not possible include:

• Canada;
• China;
• Poland;
• Sweden;
• Lithuania;
• Latvia;
• Estonia;
• South Korea.

Restrictions on extradition

The 1957 convention describes the grounds that prohibit the extradition of a persecuted person.

1. The crime is political in nature. At the same time, the convention notes that an attempt on the life of the head of state or members of his family is not a political crime.
2. Violations related to customs, currency fraud, taxes.
3. When persecution is based on a discriminatory basis (religious, racial, etc.).
4. If the death penalty or severe punishment in the form of torture can be applied to the person being punished in his homeland.
5. When the statute of limitations for the crime has expired.

Offenders who want to escape from prison abroad are looking for which countries do not extradite criminals to Russia. More often, the basis is taken on the basis that extradition is not carried out due to the possibility of torture and humiliation being applied to the persecuted in their home state. If the lawyer manages to prove this fact, then extradition to Russia is prohibited.

International standards

In modern international law, extradition, as a general rule, is a right and not an obligation of the state. With a high degree of probability, you can count on issuance if several conditions coincide:

• the criminal act was committed on the territory of the interested party;
• the offender is its citizen;
• the act caused harm to the state or its citizens;
• crimes are punishable under the laws of both countries.

However, extradition is often prohibited at the constitutional level; Russia, for example, does not extradite its citizens. According to the 1957 Convention, those persecuted for political reasons may be given special status.

The percentage of extradition of criminals is high where there is a corresponding agreement between states. Russia has agreements with 65 countries, which is less than a third of the total number of states.

Escape to America

Criminals fleeing Russia have a chance to hide in America. And that's why. Since 2014, relations between the two countries have deteriorated sharply. Therefore, the United States is reluctant to hand over offenders to Russia. Especially if they are Americans who managed to obtain Russian citizenship. It is almost impossible for the Russian Federation to return them. But even in this case, there are some nuances: “Russian” Americans can be convicted according to the laws of their native country already in the United States.

But America does not even return purely Russian citizens to their homeland. More than 20 dangerous criminals with Russian citizenship managed to settle in the United States. And this despite the fact that all of them are included in the international wanted list and are on Interpol lists. The American side points to the absence of a bilateral agreement as a basis for refusing to extradite offenders. Because of this, many requests from the Russian side are simply ignored.

But despite the apparent omnipotence of America, there are countries that do not extradite criminals to the United States. The list includes: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, North Korea, Morocco, UAE, Russia, Serbia, Tunisia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan.

US Visa Waiver Countries Participating in the VWP Program

The Visa Waiver Program allows citizens of participating countries to enter the United States without a visa. This factor makes traveling to the USA much easier. At the moment, a limited number of countries are participating in the program.

The United States has put very strict restrictions on entry into its territory and carefully inspects every country that is a participant in the visa waiver program. The program is gradually including more and more countries each year and there is no reason to fear that more countries will not be included in the program.

Currently, only 39 countries are included in the visa waiver program, which opens up impressive travel opportunities not only for tourists traveling to the United States, but also for tourists leaving this country.

The following countries are included in the visa waiver program:

*To be eligible to travel under the Visa Waiver Scheme, UK citizens must have unrestricted permanent residence in England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.

Additionally: “Pursuant to the Visa Waiver Program Improvement and Terrorist Travel Prevention Act of 2015, travelers in the following categories are no longer permitted to enter the United States under the Visa Waiver Program:

• Citizens of countries included in the Visa Waiver Program if they have been or are in Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria or Yemen since March 1, 2011 (with limited exceptions for travel for diplomatic or military purposes for the country , included in the visa-free entry program).
• Citizens of countries included in the Visa Waiver Program if they are also citizens of Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria or Yemen.”

Screening process

The process of entering into an agreement to join the Visa Waiver Program depends on several different factors. Of course, the country must be a reliable ally. It must come to an agreement with the United States on the admission of its citizens to its territory under reciprocal entry rules.

Countries being considered for entry into the program begin their journey with their nomination by a country that is already a participant in the program. Upon their nomination, negotiations begin. The US is very prudent when it comes to choosing countries to participate in the program.

Nomination by a participating party is considered as confirmation of the ability of the country in question to follow the guidelines that are part of the program. In other words, if one country nominates another country, then the nominating country assumes responsibility for the nominated country regarding its behavior during the process.

The process from nomination to confirmation may take 1-3 years . During this period, many factors are considered, and the following requirements are put before the nominated country:

• Follow current rules and established requirements
• Avoid being accused of human rights violations
• Agree to disclose security information to the United States regarding law enforcement activities
• Agree to issue biometric passports
• Develop a timely reporting system for lost, blank and stolen passports
• Raise counter-terrorism measures, border controls, document security standards and law enforcement standards to a high level

Countries that are unable to meet the high standards and expectations regarding entry requirements from their territory will be rejected and will not be considered for re-entry into the program for 5 years. The United States takes entry security very seriously and requires that countries participating in the Visa Waiver Program also comply with these strict rules when declaring entry into their territory.

Nominated and designated countries

There is a list of countries under consideration to join the Visa Waiver Program.

Argentina participated in this program from 1996 to 2002, but its participation has now been terminated.

• Brazil
• Bulgaria
• Cyprus
• Israel
• Poland
• Romania
• Türkiye
• Uruguay

Each of the countries identified above is either under consideration because it has been nominated, or is already on track to enter the program after successful consideration of its candidacy. A plan is like a list of components. It specifies certain stages and culminates in their approval for visa-free entry.

What does a visa-free regime mean for you personally?

Without a doubt, it is much easier to enter the United States when there is no need to apply for a visa, since this process can take several months. But a visa-free regime does not mean guaranteed permission to enter or travel absolutely without documents . Even citizens of countries participating in the Visa Waiver Program must obtain permission to enter the United States.

It is much easier to get approved for ESTA (which stands for Electronic System for Travel Authorization ). You can get your permit within 24 business hours if you check here. You will be able to obtain the clearance you need to board an airplane or ship, or to cross US borders.

Remember that an ESTA does not mean you won't be stopped at the border and denied entry, but you still need this document to be allowed into the United States.

Many citizens of countries participating in the Visa Waiver Program never encounter problems entering the United States with an ESTA in hand. If you have a valid biometric passport and if you answered the questions honestly when applying for ESTA, you are unlikely to have any difficulties.

Europe

Oligarchs who have obtained money through criminal means are increasingly choosing the UK to emigrate. And all because England does not extradite criminals to Russia. Refusals are often unfounded. The impossibility of extraditing the offender is explained by political motives. The legal systems of both countries are very different. The English side views the decision on the possibility of extradition as an emerging responsibility of one country to another. This creates difficulties in resolving the issue. Estonia does not extradite criminals to Russia. And all because in 2015, the Russian president signed a document that declared the rejection of the international treaty on the extradition of lawbreakers, which had been in force between countries since 2001. Such a political move was necessary for Russia, but at the same time it simplified life for those hiding from persecution.

Apart from England and Estonia, European countries such as Sweden and Poland do not extradite criminals to the Russian Federation.

Execution order

To carry out extradition, the interested state must submit a request to the country where the criminal is located. After this, consideration of the extradition case will begin within 40 days. The State extraditing the requested person shall act in accordance with the following points:

• transfers the offender to the prosecutor's office at the address of residence;
• chooses a preventive measure;
• carries out extradition checks;
• makes a decision on extradition;
• makes a decision;
• notifies the person of the decision made;
• transfers the person to the requesting state.

According to paragraph 6 of Art. 462 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, a citizen has the right to appeal the decision no later than 10 days from the date of notification of this.

A cassation appeal is filed within 7 days from the date of receipt of the refusal. In some cases, the Prosecutor General's Office may delay extradition or extradite a person for a certain period of time to participate in the trial.

Where else are Russians fleeing?

To escape prison, people are ready to cross the ocean and settle in the most remote corners of the earth. Dangerous criminals are often found in Cambodia, Trinidad, Nicaragua, and Tobago. These are so-called offshore zones - economically underdeveloped states that do not have sufficient resources. Therefore, they are distinguished by their hospitality to foreign wealthy tourists, even if they have a criminal past. Many people have no idea where these countries are. But the offenders have already studied them in detail and are ready to stay there, just to avoid prison walls.

Due to the lack of a bilateral agreement, Japan does not extradite criminals to Russia.

Often the reason for the rupture or suspension of the treaty on legal assistance in extradition of criminals is tense relations between countries. This happened with Ukraine. Relations between the countries have been strained for several years. They especially deteriorated after the Crimean peninsula became Russian. This explains why Ukraine does not extradite criminals to Russia.

What serves as the basis for extradition?

To transfer an accused, suspected or convicted person from one country to another, the action must be based on the following documents

On the basis of these acts, any person who has violated the law in his own or another country can return to his homeland, where he will serve his sentence.

Of course, not all states have signed international treaties and acts on the transfer of criminal elements. Thus, extradition in Kazakhstan is impossible due to the fact that there is no special law in the republic.

Algorithm for considering a decision on extradition

Secrets of the English Court

Those who have been to London have probably seen one of its attractions - the main police headquarters of Scotland Yard. The history of England's largest headquarters is very interesting. It was created in 1829 by Robert Peel, the future Prime Minister of the country. The name of the police station was chosen based on its location. Several centuries ago, the territory was occupied by a palace in which Scottish kings lived. At the beginning of the 17th century, the royal building was divided into 2 parts: the middle and large Scotland Yard. The decision was made by the government. The subsequent name of the police station took into account the history of the site on which it was built.

The secret of Scotland Yard is that during the reconstruction of the building, the body of a woman without a head was found there. The case was never solved. Reconstruction continued. And in 1888, the police were in for a new surprise - human hands were found in the building. A month later, police found parts of a human body there. After some time, one of the workers in the basement saw the body of a woman without a head. The examination established that the hands and head previously discovered belonged to this woman. The killer was never found. Interestingly, the famous London police are located in a building that was built on the site of a mysterious unsolved crime.

Features of the transfer procedure

There are several important extradition rules that, according to the International Treaty, must be followed by both parties. The Ministry of Justice of the country that seeks the transfer of a specific person submits a request to another power, the relevant organization of which reviews the application, studies and verifies the materials on the case.

The final stage is making a decision. And also, the country that extradates obtains the consent of the convicted person to transfer him - without this it is impossible to even send the criminal to another state.

Next, the initiating country is informed about the refusal or possible transfer. Then the procedure for transferring the convicted person, the place and time of the procedure are agreed upon. Thus, dozens of convicted persons were extradited from many countries around the world.

Of course, not every statement is a guarantee that the criminal will be brought home to serve his sentence: the extradition of persons from Georgia (and many other countries) who do not have their citizenship is impossible, according to the Criminal Code of a given state.

But, most often, powers agree on the transfer of citizens. Thus, a Moldovan citizen convicted in America for cybercrimes was recently transferred from the United States: now an attacker who received a sentence in a distant country will be able to serve his sentence in his homeland.

Today, there are no uniform rules for the transfer of criminals, so not everyone has achieved the extradition to their homeland of their relatives convicted in other countries of the world.

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Extradition Ukraine of Criminals from Russia to Ukraine

Extradition to Ukraine and other countries: features and subtleties of the procedure

This is very important, first of all, for the convicted person: serving a sentence at home is psychologically much easier than abroad. This is also important for the relatives of a person who has been serving a sentence for several years - going on a date in their own country is much easier and cheaper than going abroad. The final stage is making a decision. And also, the country that extradates obtains the consent of the convicted person to transfer him - without this it is impossible to even send the criminal to another state.

1. Request to the Ministry of Justice of the authorized bodies of another state.
2. A statement provided by the convicted person himself, his legal representative, family members or close relatives.

On the basis of these acts, any person who has violated the law in his own or another country can return to his homeland, where he will serve his sentence.

The Ministry of Justice sends a request to the authorities of another state to obtain documents and information regarding the crime committed and information about the convicted person.
Only after this is the question of the possibility of extraditing the convicted person to Russia resolved. Law on the deportation of Ukrainians from Russia

The panic in the fall-winter of 2022 was caused by the abolition of the simplified procedure for staying in Russia. Any citizen of Ukraine could enter for a period of six months without any documents at all, except for a completed migration card. This was done for humanitarian purposes - to create an opportunity for Ukrainians to avoid participation in the ATO. The spread of rumors about imminent deportation is part of the information war waged by the Ukrainian side. The range of rumors is quite wide: from huge fines for violations to the deportation of all residents who received a passport in the last five years. Of course, the Federal Migration Service of Russia is not planning any mass events of this kind. The conflict with Ukraine, despite the growing statute of limitations, does not even seem to subside. In 2022, another round of escalation led to news about the possible deportation from Russia of all Ukrainians temporarily residing in the country. The problem directly concerns three percent of the population of the Russian Federation: two million citizens of the country migrated from Ukraine earlier and have passports, another two have received a residence permit or work visa. The problem is that with such entry into the country the migrant does not receive legal status. All this time, the deadlines were constantly shifting, and only in the fall of 2022 the Federal Migration Service issued an appeal in which it spoke of the need to determine the legal status from November 1 to November 30. At the same time, information about the need for registration was conveyed to refugees back in mid-2015.

As of December 2022, all Ukrainians who entered Russia under a simplified procedure have lost their grounds for presence in the country. In order not to fall under sanctions, you need to resolve the issue of paperwork as quickly as possible.

Extradition of a Ukrainian citizen from Ukraine to Russia

Our country has particular difficulties in returning its citizens wanted for committing crimes in Russia when making requests to the UK. Lawyers explain this by the differences in the legal systems of our states. The common law system in England treats a foreign judgment as creating a liability on one party to the other, which creates difficulties in adjudicating the claim. Political reasons only exacerbate this process. Many international legal documents and decisions are devoted to the issues of extradition activities. These include UN documents (for example, the Model Treaty on Extradition, adopted at the 45th session of the UN General Assembly on December 14, 1990; the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1998, etc.), conventions (European Convention on Extradition 1957, European Convention on mutual legal assistance in criminal matters of 1959, the Berlin Convention on the Transfer of Persons Sentenced to Imprisonment to Serve Their Sentence in the State of which they are Nationals of 1978) and interstate treaties.

It is striking that the number of extraditions to Russia is much less than the number of unsuccessful requests sent by the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, and the number of criminals extradited by our country. According to the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, annually Russia sends approximately 700 extradition requests to different countries, of which 30-60 are completed per year, i.e. The efficiency percentage of this institute for us is less than 10%. We have established relatively successful contacts in the capture and detention of criminals from Russia with Germany and Spain.

Extradition to Ukraine

3. Extradition for the execution of a sentence is carried out for such acts that, in accordance with the legislation of the requesting and requested Contracting Parties, are punishable and for the commission of which the person whose extradition is required was sentenced to imprisonment for a term of at least six months or more severe punishment.

The extradition procedure begins with one state sending another request. Typically, the request is drafted either in the language of the requested party or in one of the languages ​​of international communication. Requests are transmitted either through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or directly through law enforcement agencies (Ministries of Internal Affairs, Justice, Prosecutor's Office, etc.).

But I recommend that he or his relative file a complaint with the Russian Prosecutor’s Office about the delay in the process of transferring the convicted person. The answer will definitely indicate the reason for the delay in the transfer, including whether this is the fault of the competent authorities of Ukraine or not.

Read about Russian-Ukrainian relations:

• Russia Transfer of Money to a Private Person in Ukraine
• Get a Visa to Ukraine from Russia for a Foreigner
• Through Which Bank Can You Transfer Money from Russia to Ukraine Now?
• Items from Ukraine with Shipping to Russia
• Ukrainian Post What Can You Send to Russia 2022

Attention!

Due to recent changes in legislation, the legal information in this article may be out of date! Our lawyer can advise you free of charge - write your question in the form below.

"Black" Museum

Tourists interested in detective stories and investigative mysteries would like to visit the “black” museum of the world-famous Scotland Yard. It is located in the London Police building. The museum is divided into 2 parts. One features exhibits on 19th-century crimes. The second part is material evidence of the most famous crimes committed in Great Britain in the 20th century.

In the museum you can see items that relate to Jack the Ripper and the cruel gangsters - the Kray brothers. Here you can get acquainted with the story of John Haig, a serial killer who dissolved the bodies of his victims in containers of acid. The museum also contains personal belongings of members of the famous gang that committed the “Great Train Robbery” in 1963.

Difference from deportation

The terms extradition and deportation mean actions that are similar in meaning – the removal of a person from the country. But there are a number of conditions that affect the outcome of this process.

A request from another state is not required for deportation. The decision on it is made by the country's migration service. If extradition is the expulsion of a criminal from the country, then deportation is the same process, but in relation to an ordinary citizen who is in the country illegally.

Another fundamental difference is that the deportee will not be subject to persecution or punishment in his home country.
There is not even a fine for deportation, and the flight will be paid for by the state that carries it out. However, entry into the country will be closed for at least 5 years. The commonality between the terms is that deportation, along with extradition, is prohibited in relation to its citizens.
The use of extradition does not guarantee fair justice and a reduction in the level of international crime. Often it is effective only on paper, but in reality even dangerous criminals feel at ease on the territory of the harboring state. But in 2022, there have been positive trends in international law in this direction, which will simplify the extradition procedure.

Source

How does Russia return criminals?

But let's move from history to modern times. Today it is known which countries do not extradite criminals to Russia. How quickly does the Russian side extradite offenders to other states?

Russia is actively involved in the process of extraditing foreign criminals to their homeland.

Based on data from the Russian Prosecutor General's Office, every year the country sends about 700 requests to other states for the extradition of criminals. And only 10% fulfill them. This indicates the ineffectiveness of the work of this institution. Contacts with Spain and Germany are more successful for Russia in the matter of extradition. The main reason for failures with other countries is the lack of a bilateral international agreement.

Russia is much more active in extraditing criminals to other states. More than 1,000 foreign offenders are sent home each year. In Russia, the issue of extraditing a person to another country is decided by the Main Directorate of International Legal Cooperation of the Prosecutor General’s Office. But in Europe, this problem is more often resolved through the courts, which complicates and delays the process.

Countries with an extradition treaty with the US

Extradition is the extradition of a citizen from one state to another. Moreover, the person whose extradition is required by a certain state is not its citizen. Such an institution in international relations between different countries has been practiced for a long time.

Let’s say that extradition to the United States implies that the state on whose territory a person who has committed serious offenses is located must be arrested by authorized authorities and forcibly transferred to government agencies of the United States for further trial under American law.

Extradition is a form of international cooperation between states in the fight against crime.

Extradition practices are at least several thousand years old. History remembers similar cases back in ancient times in Egypt. The more modern practice of extradition dates back to approximately the 17th century, but became especially widespread in the 20th century and continues to this day, due to the intensification of international terrorism.

The United States currently has mutual extradition treaties with more than 110 countries around the world. However, more than 75 countries remain free from such obligation.

Despite the fact that not all countries have concluded an agreement, this does not mean that America will not be able to achieve the extradition of criminals. Many countries, even those that have an extradition agreement, have ambivalent views on its implementation. For example, obtaining extradition from the German side is not so easy. There are countries that are very actively rushing to hand over fugitive criminals with great zeal, these include:

• Great Britain;
• Baltic countries;
• Spain;
• countries of Latin America.

Greece is also ready to extradite Russian citizens to the United States. More details in the next video.

On the extradition of Russians to American authorities

As statistics show, citizens of the Russian Federation are increasingly being requested by American law enforcement agencies and intelligence services , so it is better for compatriots who may have claims from the States to refrain from traveling to countries that have extradition laws.

This also applies to a number of other countries, since even if there are no agreements, extradition can still take place. If, according to the laws of the country in which a Russian citizen is located, his actions are considered a crime, as well as under the laws of the United States, he may be transferred to US official services.

Of course, claims from America are usually significant; this may be related to drug trafficking or arms trafficking. However, there have been cases when Russians were handed over for smuggling military equipment or instruments that are, in principle, freely available for sale.

A striking example is the case of Ustinov, whom the Americans demanded for smuggling night vision devices. Although similar ones can be purchased in online stores, nevertheless, on such devices there are instructions in small print that warn about the illegality of sales to foreigners, but most often people do not notice these warnings.

The decision to extradite gr. A Lithuanian court convicted D. Ustinov of Russia in the USA.

As for safe countries with which there is no extradition agreement. These are a number of former Soviet republics, including Russia itself, these include:

• Ukraine;
• Belarus;
• Kazakhstan;
• Uzbekistan;
• Armenia;
• Moldova.

And there are also countries not from the CIS:

• UAE;
• China;
• Syria;
• some countries of the former Yugoslavia (notably Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina);
• Tunisia;
• Vietnam;
• Andorra;
• Maldives and some other island states;
• Vatican;
• Cuba;
• Butane;
• North Korea.

Countries that have signed an extradition treaty with the United States are highlighted in blue.

How to avoid extradition to the USA?

Considering that the United States is hunting people in almost every corner of the planet, many are wondering how to stay free and how to start taking action? This applies to those who have already committed a crime, and extradition to the United States is now a more than realistic prospect.

The most important thing that needs to be done is to break completely with your old life : no bank transfers, under no circumstances should you call your friends, loved ones, or anyone at all. You also need to delete your accounts on the Internet and not appear on social networks. In order to prevent Interpol or other agencies from identifying you, you need to get rid of your special features, ideally it is better to change your appearance.

Now you need to think about the countries where you can move to live. That is, these are the countries with which the institution of extradition does not apply. To ensure that you are not extradited, you need to make sure that the actions for which you can be extradited to the United States do not constitute a crime in the territory of the country to which you are going to flee.

It’s worth considering several other places to which you can move if necessary. This is important because even if an extradition agreement is not signed, legally the United States can get its way. It is better to provide for methods of moving to other countries that will be as safe as possible, and will not conduct a detailed study of your biography and your belongings.

It is better to choose from among those countries where you can integrate into the local culture and mix with the population. Next, it is worth considering that vigilance is now your only true companion. You should not relax at all, even if it seems that the danger has passed.

Also, you should not tell any of your new acquaintances anything about your previous life. This applies to business partners, friends, girlfriends, etc. You should always have a bag with the most necessary things folded, in case you have to quickly leave your current habitat. And if doubts just begin to creep in, you need to leave quickly, having prepared several different escape routes in advance.

Remember, you can be extradited to the US even if you are not a US citizen, so if necessary, leave the country you are currently in . You need to make sure that your biography is clean, you have no unpaid fines, debts or offenses that will significantly complicate your border crossing. Also, do not contact any lawyers or other various specialists, since the intelligence services have leverage over such specialists.

While there are a number of disagreements between the United States and Russia, this recommendation should not be neglected.

Agreement and its effect in international law

Extradition is a special type of agreement that is concluded between two states and involves the fulfillment of mutually beneficial obligations towards criminals. In simple terms, if a person committed a crime in his own country and fled from justice abroad, then the country in which he is actually located must detain him and return him to his homeland.

Within the framework of international law, such a system would be an ideal solution in the fight against international crime.

In practice, due to constant omissions between states and a large number of conventions, the extradition mechanism functions extremely unstable. In a united Europe, whose countries adhere to a common course of development and have the same cultural values, it is realized by approximately 40-50%. In turn, in relation to Russia it is observed in only 10-15% of cases.

This could be due to many reasons: an aggressive foreign policy, a clash of interests with most other world states, or a continuation of the Soviet course. Today, the reality is that the extradition mechanism in relation to Russian citizens works extremely poorly, and in the opposite direction it functions in the same way.

In international law, extradition is enshrined as the right (precisely the right, not the obligation) of a particular country to transfer persons who have committed a crime to another state.

In this regard, each country can interpret it in the light of its needs and based on existing relationships.

Such a mechanism works more or less smoothly only when a bilateral extradition treaty is concluded between states. In this case, the extradition of criminals becomes not a right, but an obligation of both parties.

The vast majority of the states of a united Europe successfully interact with each other, trying to jointly fight international crime. In general, a country may insist on the exercise of extradition rights if the following conditions are met:

• the crime was committed on its territory;
• the person involved in the case is its citizen;
• the consequences of criminal acts caused damage to the state or its citizens.

Criminal legislation of the Russian Federation

If all these criteria are met, any state can apply for the extradition of a person who has committed criminal acts. To do this, it must make an official request to the country in which the offender is hiding. Only after all legal issues have been agreed upon, he is put on the wanted list and subject to arrest.